Basic Concepts - Learn Go - ggcoder.com

Variables in Go

In Go, variables are declared using the var keyword, const keyword, or the short declaration syntax :=. Variables can be declared at package level or within a function.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    // Long declaration with var7    var x int = 58    var y int9    y = 101011    // Short declaration (only inside functions)12    z := 151314    // Multiple declarations15    var a, b, c int = 1, 2, 316    d, e := 4, 51718    fmt.Println(x, y, z, a, b, c, d, e)19}

The short syntax := only works inside functions and automatically infers the type from the right-hand value. If no value is assigned, the variable gets a zero value (0 for numbers, "" for strings, false for bool, nil for pointers).

Constants

Constants are declared using the const keyword and their value cannot change after initialization. Constants can be typed (with explicit type annotation) or untyped (letting the compiler infer the type).

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45const (6    Monday = iota    // 07    Tuesday          // 18    Wednesday        // 29    Thursday         // 310    Friday           // 411    Saturday         // 512    Sunday           // 6

iota is a special identifier in const blocks. It starts at 0 and automatically increments by 1 for each line. This is useful for creating enumerations.

Basic Data Types

Integer Types

Go has many integer types: int8, int16, int32, int64 (signed), uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64 (unsigned), int, uint (architecture-dependent). For most cases, int or uint is sufficient.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    var a int8 = -128      // -128 to 1277    var b uint8 = 255      // 0 to 255 (also called byte)8    var c int = 42         // Architecture-dependent size9    var d int64 = 92233720368547758071011    fmt.Println(a, b, c, d)12}

Floating Point Types

Go has float32 and float64 (64-bit is default). float64 is recommended to avoid precision loss.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    var pi float32 = 3.147    var e float64 = 2.71828182889    fmt.Println(pi, e)10}

String Type

Strings in Go are immutable and UTF-8 encoded. Strings are wrapped in double quotes. For raw strings (allowing newlines and special characters without escaping), use backticks.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    var name string = "Go"7    greeting := "Hello, " + name89    // Raw string with backticks10    message := `Line 111Line 212Special chars: 13 doesn't escape`1415    fmt.Println(greeting)16    fmt.Println(message)17    fmt.Println(len(greeting)) // length in bytes (5+2=7)18}

Zero Values

When a variable is declared but not assigned, it receives a zero value — a default value depending on the data type.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    var i int7    var f float648    var s string9    var b bool10    var p *int1112    fmt.Println(i)     // 013    fmt.Println(f)     // 014    fmt.Println(s)     // "" (empty string)15    fmt.Println(b)     // false16    fmt.Println(p)     // <nil>17}

Type Conversion

Go does not automatically convert types. Conversions must be explicit: T(x) converts x to type T. This helps prevent subtle errors.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    var i int = 427    var f float64 = float64(i)8    var u uint = uint(i)910    fmt.Println(f) // 4211    fmt.Println(u) // 421213    // String conversions use strconv package14    s := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i) // Convert int to string15    fmt.Println(s) // "42"16}

Type Inference

When using := or var x = value without a type annotation, Go infers the type from the right-hand value. If the value is 42, x becomes int. If 3.14, x becomes float64.

main.go

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6    x := 42           // int7    y := 3.14         // float648    z := "hello"      // string9    w := true         // bool1011    fmt.Printf("%T12", x) // int13    fmt.Printf("%T14", y) // float6415    fmt.Printf("%T16", z) // string17    fmt.Printf("%T18", w) // bool19}

Key Takeaways

Điểm Chính

Variables declared without assignment receive zero valuesBiến được khai báo mà không gán giá trị sẽ nhận zero value
Constants are immutable and can be typed or untypedHằng số là bất biến và có thể typed hoặc untyped
Type conversion in Go is explicit using T(x) syntaxChuyển đổi kiểu trong Go là rõ ràng sử dụng cú pháp T(x)
iota in const blocks creates auto-incrementing values for enumerationsiota trong const blocks tạo giá trị tự động tăng cho enumerations

Practice

Test your understanding of this chapter

Quiz

What is the zero value for an integer variable that is declared but not assigned?

Zero value của biến kiểu integer được khai báo nhưng không gán là gì?

True or False

Go automatically converts between different numeric types like TypeScript does.

Go tự động chuyển đổi giữa các kiểu số khác nhau như TypeScript làm.

Code Challenge

Complete the iota enumeration in a const block

Hoàn thành enumeration iota trong const block

const (
    Red = 
    Green
    Blue
)

Quiz

Which syntax is used for the short variable declaration in Go?

Cú pháp nào được dùng cho khai báo biến ngắn trong Go?

True or False

In Go, strings are mutable and encoded in UTF-8.

Trong Go, chuỗi là biến và mã hóa UTF-8.

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6 // Long declaration with var7 var x int = 58 var y int9 y = 101011 // Short declaration (only inside functions)12 z := 151314 // Multiple declarations15 var a, b, c int = 1, 2, 316 d, e := 4, 51718 fmt.Println(x, y, z, a, b, c, d, e)19}

1package main23import "fmt"45const (6 Monday = iota // 07 Tuesday // 18 Wednesday // 29 Thursday // 310 Friday // 411 Saturday // 512 Sunday // 6

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6 var a int8 = -128 // -128 to 1277 var b uint8 = 255 // 0 to 255 (also called byte)8 var c int = 42 // Architecture-dependent size9 var d int64 = 92233720368547758071011 fmt.Println(a, b, c, d)12}

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6 var name string = "Go"7 greeting := "Hello, " + name89 // Raw string with backticks10 message := `Line 111Line 212Special chars: 13 doesn't escape`1415 fmt.Println(greeting)16 fmt.Println(message)17 fmt.Println(len(greeting)) // length in bytes (5+2=7)18}

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6 var i int7 var f float648 var s string9 var b bool10 var p *int1112 fmt.Println(i) // 013 fmt.Println(f) // 014 fmt.Println(s) // "" (empty string)15 fmt.Println(b) // false16 fmt.Println(p) // <nil>17}

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6 var i int = 427 var f float64 = float64(i)8 var u uint = uint(i)910 fmt.Println(f) // 4211 fmt.Println(u) // 421213 // String conversions use strconv package14 s := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i) // Convert int to string15 fmt.Println(s) // "42"16}

1package main23import "fmt"45func main() {6 x := 42 // int7 y := 3.14 // float648 z := "hello" // string9 w := true // bool1011 fmt.Printf("%T12", x) // int13 fmt.Printf("%T14", y) // float6415 fmt.Printf("%T16", z) // string17 fmt.Printf("%T18", w) // bool19}